Unraveling Canine Behavior Problems: Factors Affecting Your Dog’s Behavior

I recently posted this infographic on Instagram. It got quite a lot of attention so, I thought it would be good to dive into these factors in greater detail and talk about the evidence we have that supports their effect on your dog’s behavior.

Click on the image to head to a downloadable file for sharing!

As an applied animal behaviorist, I have gained a unique understanding of dog behavior through my animal behavior studies. From aggression to separation anxiety, each dog's behavior is influenced by various factors. In this post, we'll explore the underlying reasons behind common behavior problems in dogs, backed by insights from scientific research.

The Nature vs. Nurture Debate:

Much like humans, dogs are shaped by both genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Studies have shown that genetics play a significant role in behavior traits such as fearfulness, sociability, and aggression (Landsberg et al., 2024, p. 43). However, environmental factors, including early experiences, socialization, and training, also exert a profound influence on a dog's behavior (Landsberg et al., 2024, p. 43).

Stress on the Mother During Pregnancy

While studies on prenatal stress in dogs are limited, through similar work on humans and rodents we know that stress on mothers during pregnancy can result in increased anxiety and emotionality in their pups (Landsberg et al., 2024, p. 12). There is also evidence that prenatal stress in rodents results in neurochemical and endocrinological changes which are factors in increased anxiety in adult animals (Laloux et al., 2012).

Socialization and Early Life Experiences:

The socialization period for puppies occurs between 3 and 12 weeks of age. During this time, positive experiences with people, other animals, and various environments are crucial for shaping a well-adjusted adult dog (Scott & Fuller, 1965). Lack of proper socialization during this period can lead to fearfulness, anxiety, and aggression later in life (Puurunen et al., 2o20).

Breed and Individual Differences:

Different dog breeds have been selectively bred for specific traits over centuries, resulting in distinct behavioral tendencies (Maclean et al., 2019). While breed predispositions can provide insights into a dog's behavior, we should also recognize the individuality of each dog. Factors such as temperament, personality, and past experiences all shape behavior.

Learning and Training:

Dogs are incredibly adaptive learners, capable of forming associations and understanding complex behaviors. Positive reinforcement training methods, which involve rewarding desirable behaviors, are highly effective in modifying behavior and strengthening the human-dog bond (Overall, 2013). Conversely, punishment-based techniques can lead to fear, anxiety, and even aggression (Ziv, 2017).

Environmental Enrichment:

Just like humans, dogs thrive in environments that provide mental and physical stimulation. Lack of adequate exercise, mental stimulation, and social interaction can result in boredom and frustration, leading to destructive behaviors such as chewing, digging, and excessive barking (Landsberg et al., 2024, p. 66).

Health and Medical Factors:

It's essential to recognize that changes in behavior can sometimes be indicative of underlying medical issues. Pain, discomfort, hormonal imbalances, and neurological conditions can all manifest as behavior problems in dogs (Landsberg et al., 2024, p. 77 - 79). Consulting with a veterinarian to rule out any medical issues is a crucial step in addressing behavior concerns.

Chronic Stress and Trauma

Chronic stress can lead to medical problems such as UTIs, GI, and dermatological issues as well as behavioral problems such as OCD-like behaviors, aggression, and anxiety (Landsberg et al., 2024 p. 98-103). Trauma can result from several sequential events (such as compounded stress from time spent at a shelter) or single-events (such as an attack by another dog). In dogs, trauma has been linked with increased fearfulness and aggression (Wallis et al., 2020).

Conclusion:

Understanding the multifaceted nature of dog behavior problems is the first step towards effective management and intervention. By considering the interplay of genetics, environment, learning, health, and individual differences, canine behavior consultants can develop tailored approaches to address behavior concerns. Utilizing evidence-based techniques rooted in positive reinforcement and empathy can help foster healthier, happier relationships between dogs and their human companions.

Remember, every dog is a unique individual, and addressing behavior problems requires patience, empathy, and a holistic understanding of the factors at play. By working together, we can create a world where dogs thrive mentally, physically, and emotionally.

References:

1. Laloux, C., Mairesse, J., Van Camp, G., Giovine, A., Branchi, I., Bouret, S., Morley-Fletcher, S., Bergonzelli, G., Malagodi, M., Gradini, R., Nicoletti, F., Darnaudéry, M., & Maccari, S. (2012). Anxiety-like behaviour and associated neurochemical and endocrinological alterations in male pups exposed to prenatal stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(10), 1646–1658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.010

2. Landsberg, G., Radosta, L., & Ackerman, L. (2024). Behavior problems of the dog and cat (4th ed.). Elsevier.

3. MacLean, E. L., Snyder-Mackler, N., VonHoldt, B. M., & Serpell, J. A. (2019). Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1912), 20190716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0716.

4. Overall, K. (2013). Manual of clinical behavioral medicine for dogs and cats. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.

5. Puurunen, J., Hakanen, E., Salonen, M. K., Mikkola, S., Sulkama, S., Araujo, C., & Lohi, H. (2020). Inadequate socialisation, inactivity, and urban living environment are associated with social fearfulness in pet dogs. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60546-w

6. Scott, J.P., & Fuller, J.L. (1965). Genetics and the social behavior of the dog. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

7. Wallis, L. J., Szabó, D., & Kubinyi, E. (2020). Cross-sectional age differences in canine personality traits; Influence of breed, sex, previous trauma, and dog obedience tasks. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00493

8. Ziv, G. (2017). The effects of using aversive training methods in dogs—A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 19, 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.02.004